Analysis: Xi Jinping brought Hong Kong to heel. Now he’s coming back to a city transformed

A riot policeman sprays pepper spray at a man as they disperse a crowd during a demonstration against “parallel traders” who buy goods in Hong Kong to resell in mainland China on Sunday, January 5.

Pro-democracy supporters hold placards as they take part in a New Year’s Day rally on Wednesday, January 1 in Hong Kong.

Pro-democracy supporters wave flags during a countdown party in Tsim Sha Tsui district on New Year’s Eve.

Police arrive to conduct a clearance operation in the Kowloon district of Hong Kong on December 31.

Protesters take photos of a ‘Free HK’ light display at a gathering in the Central district of Hong Kong on December 30.

A man is detained by riot police during a demonstration in a shopping mall at Sheung Shui district on December 28.

A protester reacts after police fire tear gas to disperse bystanders in the Jordan district of Hong Kong, early on December 25.

People celebrating the holidays react to tear gas as police confront protesters on Christmas Eve.

Protesters march in Hong Kong.

Protesters stage a rally outside the US Consulate in Hong Kong on Sunday, December 1. Hundreds gathered Sunday afternoon outside the US Consulate for another pro-US rally to show support for President Trump after he signed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act into law.

People take part in a march from Tsim Sha Tsui to Hung Hom in Hong Kong on December 1.

Pro-democracy candidate Jimmy Sham, right, celebrates with a supporter after winning his election in the Sha Tin district, early November 25. “Today’s result represents (my constituency’s) support to protesters. The government should immediately establish the Five Demands and respond to the public’s voices,” Sham posted on Facebook, referencing a long-standing protest slogan.

Pro-democracy candidate James Yu hugs his girlfriend after winning his seat in district council elections, early November 25.

Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam casts her ballot for the district council elections at a polling place, November 24. In a statement Monday, Lam said her government “respects the election results.”

A group of protesters leave the Hong Kong Polytechnic University holding hands before surrendering to police in the Hung Hom district on November 22.

Protesters use clothes and helmets to form “SOS” at Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 21.

Protesters raise their hands to represent the five demands of pro-democracy demonstrators during a rally in support of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act in the U.S., at the IFC Mall in Hong Kong, on November 21.

Tables and chairs piled up to create a barrier are left behind by protesters who barricaded themselves inside the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

A Fire Services Department rescue diver prepares to enter the sewage system on November 20 to search for protesters who escaped from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

A protester uses a flashlight while crawling through a sewer tunnel to see how wide it is as he and others try to find an escape route from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 19.

A protester walks through a gymnasium at Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 19.

Protesters react as police fire tear gas in the Kowloon area of Hong Kong, Monday, November 18.

Firefighters put out a burning car set on fire by protesters near Hong Kong Polytechnic University in the Tsim Sha Tsui district on November 18.

Police fire tear gas as protesters attempt to leave Hong Kong Polytechnic University via a bridge on November 18.

A member of the police clashes with a protester at the Hong Kong Poytechnic University on November 18.

Protesters use a rope to lower themselves from a pedestrian bridge to waiting motorbikes to escape from police at Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 18.

A protester throws an umbrella onto a fire at the barricaded main entrance of Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 18.

An anti-government protester is detained at Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 18.

An anti-government protester is showered down by volunteer medical workers after he was soaked by a police water cannons firing pepper spray-infused water at Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 18.

Riot police fire tear gas and rubber bullets as protesters attempt to leave Hong Kong Poytechnic University on November 18.

A protester prepares to shoot an arrow during a confrontation with police.

Police use a water cannon outside the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

A protester throws a Molotov cocktail at police on November 17.

Protesters use a catapult to fire bricks at the police from inside the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 17.

A woman tries to hold back riot police from approaching the Hong Kong University in Hong Kong on Saturday.

Protesters train to throw Molotov cocktails into a swimming pool on the campus of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 14.

Protesters walk past barricades of bricks on a road near the Hong Kong Polytechnic University on November 14.

Demonstrators gather during a lunchtime protest in the financial district of Hong Kong on November 14.

A protester releases a flaming arrow to light a barricade at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Wednesday, November 13.

A Molotov cocktail, a gas mask and a yellow construction helmet are placed upon a bust of late hotel tycoon Hui Yeung Shing at the campus of The Chinese University of Hong Kong on November 13.

A fire is seen at a Mass Transit Railway (MTR) station during a demonstration at The Chinese University of Hong Kong on November 13.

Students attempt to clear tear gas canisters fired by riot police onto a sports track during a confrontation at the Chinese University in Hong Kong on Tuesday, November 12.

A man is detained during a protest at the Chinese University of Hong Kong on November 12.

Students block an escalator with chairs in an attempt to hamper police at the University of Hong Kong on November 12.

A protester is detained in the Central District of Hong Kong on November 11.

People react after tear gas was fired by police during a protest in Hong Kong’s Central District on November 11.

Riot police face off with protesters at an entrance of a shopping mall during a demonstration on November 10.

A man is helped by a volunteer medic after police used pepper spray during a demonstration on November 10.

A person places a flower at a memorial for 22-year-old Hong Kong university student Chow Tsz-lok on November 8.

Students in gas masks are seen during a graduation ceremony at the Chinese University of Hong Kong on Thursday, November 7 in Hong Kong.

Firefighters stand outside the offices of China’s Xinhua News Agency after its windows were damaged by protesters in Hong Kong on Saturday, November 2. Hong Kong riot police fired multiple rounds of tear gas and used a water cannon Saturday to break up a rally by thousands of masked protesters demanding autonomy after Beijing indicated it could tighten its grip on the Chinese territory.

Richard Chan, a candidate for the district council elections, reacts after being pepper-sprayed by police in Hong Kong on November 2.

Thousands of black-clad masked protesters streamed into Hong Kong’s central shopping district for another rally on November 2.

A man dressed as the Joker for Halloween walks past police officers on October 31.

Pro-democracy activist Joshua Wong (second from left) and Kelvin Lam (second from right) shout slogans as they meet the media outside the Legislative Council (LegCo) in Hong Kong on October 29, 2019, after Wong was barred from standing in an upcoming local election.

A protester throws a tear gas canister on October 27 in Hong Kong.

A couple wearing Guy Fawkes masks watch a rally at Chater Garden in Hong Kong on October 26.

Protesters start a fire in front of the MTR station during demonstration on October 27.

Tear gas smoke is seen exploding over reporters during an anti-government protest in Mong Kok district in Hong Kong on October 27.

High school students take part in a human chain rally outside Kowloon park in Hong Kong on October 25.

Police fire blue dye toward protesters in Hong Kong on Sunday, October 20. Blue dye can be used to stain and identify masked protesters.

A pro-democracy protester is arrested by police on October 20.

A protester shoots a basketball at a poster of Lam during a rally on Tuesday, October 15.

Protesters set fire to a Bank of China branch on Sunday, October 13. It was the 19th consecutive weekend of anti-government protests in Hong Kong.

Protesters use the lights on their phones during a rally in central Hong Kong’s business district.

A protester attempts to break a tourist bus window on October 13.

A woman is treated after police fired tear gas to disperse protesters in the Mong Kok district of Hong Kong on October 7.

Pro-democracy protesters gather in a shopping mall on October 7.

Rescue personnel check the bottom of a taxi after the driver allegedly drove onto the pavement, hitting protesters in Hong Kong on October 6.

A China Construction Bank is seen vandalized in the Causeway Bay area of Hong Kong on October 6.

Pro-democracy protesters set fires in the street in the Causeway Bay area.

People protest the ban against masks on Saturday, October 5.

An anti-government protester stands near a fire on Friday, October 4.

Protesters move a statue depicting a protester armed with gas mask, helmet and umbrella on the streets of Hong Kong on October 4.

Protesters set a fire at a China Construction Bank.

Protesters spray paint slogans at the entrance to a tunnel on October 4.

A store is in shambles after being vandalized by protesters.

Pro-democracy demonstrators hold up their hands to symbolize their five demands during a rally on October 4.

Protesters throw petrol bombs at the gate to the Tsuen Wan police station on Wednesday, October 2.

A young protester was shot Tuesday, October 1, as violent protests erupted across Hong Kong on the 70th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China. The incident marked a major escalation in violence that could galvanize the protest movement in Hong Kong.

Police detain an anti-government protester on October 1. Thousands of black-clad protesters marched in central Hong Kong as part of multiple pro-democracy rallies.

Police tackle and arrest pro-democracy protesters during clashes on October 1.

Protesters react after police fired tear gas near the central government offices in Hong Kong’s Admiralty area on October 1.

Pro-democracy protesters form a “Pepe the Frog” themed human chain on Monday, September 30.

A man is detained by Hong Kong police during a protest in the Causeway Bay shopping district on Sunday, September 29.

Bus passengers look at a burning barricade lit by pro-democracy protesters in front of the Mong Kok police station on Sunday, September 22.

Pro-democracy protesters sing songs and chant slogans during a rally inside a shopping mall on September 22.

A pro-China supporter, center, is escorted by police after confronting journalists in Hong Kong on September 15.

Pro-government and anti-government supporters chant against one another at a shopping mall in Hong Kong on Friday, September 13. The sign translates to “Stop violence and curb chaos; safeguard Hong Kong.”

Demonstrators hold up their cell phone lights as they form a human chain at the Peak, a tourist spot in Hong Kong, on September 13.

Police escort an injured man after he attacked protesters outside Prince Edward station in Hong Kong on Friday, September 6.

Protesters burn paper money to pay their respects to injured protesters.

Protesters prepare to clash with police outside the Mong Kok police station on September 6.

A protester is detained by police at the Po Lam Mass Transit Railway station on Thursday, September 5.

A man watches televisions at a store in Hong Kong as Chief Executive Carrie Lam announces the withdrawal of the extradition bill on Wednesday, September 4.

A woman gets emotional on September 4 while paying her respects to protesters who were injured a few days earlier.

Demonstrators travel through a railway station during a rally on Tuesday, September 3.

Students wearing gas masks and helmets hold a banner that reads “five major demands are indispensable” at St. Francis’ Canossian College in Hong Kong.

Protesters gather in the bus terminal at Hong Kong International Airport on Sunday, September 1. Hundreds of pro-democracy activists attempted to block transport routes to the city’s airport.

A passenger walks to the airport on September 1 as pro-democracy protesters blocked a road outside the airport.

A protester uses a slingshot outside the Central Government Complex during clashes with police on Saturday, August 31. Thousands of pro-democracy protesters held an anti-government rally one day after several leading activists and lawmakers were arrested in a sweeping crackdown.

Protesters light a Molotov cocktail on August 31.

Protesters take cover as policemen fire blue-colored water on them. Blue dye can be used to stain and identify masked protesters.

A surveillance camera is covered with white paint during protests.

An overhead view shows protesters reacting after police fired tear gas on August 31.

Pro-democracy activists Agnes Chow and Joshua Wong speak to the media after they were released on bail at the Eastern Magistrates Courts on Friday, August 30. They were arrested earlier the same day in a dragnet across Hong Kong.

A police officer aims a gun in front of a protester on August 25.

Some protesters shine laser pointers at police lines on August 25.

Protesters pick up bricks to be used as projectiles on August 24.

Police retreat after clashing with protesters on August 24.

Cell phones shine from the top of Lion Rock on August 23.

Protesters march under umbrellas on Sunday, August 18.

Tens of thousands of protesters showed up in the streets on August 18.

A protester participates in a march on Saturday, August 17. His eye is covered with red gauze, referencing a woman who was allegedly shot in the eye with a beanbag round during clashes between protesters and police.

Protesters point lasers at the Sham Shui Po police station on August 14.

A traveler passes her luggage to security guards as she tries to enter the departures gate.

A display board shows canceled flights on August 13.

Medics look after a woman who received a facial injury during clashes on Sunday, August 11.

A pro-democracy protester is held by police outside the Tsim Sha Tsui police station on August 11.

Police fire tear gas at protesters during a demonstration in the Wong Tai Sin District on Monday, August 5.

A train passenger gestures toward a protester, right, who was preventing the doors of a train from closing on August 5. The protester was trying to disrupt Hong Kong’s morning rush-hour commute.

A man comforts his pregnant wife near a train platform after protesters blocked the train doors on August 5.

A protester stands in tear gas during a confrontation with police in the early hours of Sunday, August 4.

A Chinese flag floats in water after it was thrown by protesters during a demonstration on Saturday, August 3.

Members of Hong Kong’s medical sector attend a protest in Edinburgh Place on Friday, August 2.

The emblem on the China Liaison Office is protected by plexiglass during a demonstration on Sunday, July 28.

A protester flees from baton-wielding police in the Yuen Long district of Hong Kong on Saturday, July 27.

A protester looks through umbrellas during the clashes with police on July 27.

Travelers watch as protesters rally at Hong Kong’s international airport on Friday, July 26.

Protesters clash with police on Sunday, July 21.

Medical workers help a protester affected by tear gas on July 21.

The office of pro-Beijing lawmaker Junius Ho was trashed by protesters in Hong Kong’s Tsuen Wan district.

Police officers use pepper spray to disperse protesters after a rally in the Sheung Shui district on Saturday, July 13.

A demonstrator sprays paint inside a chamber at Hong Kong’s Legislative Council building, where protesters forced their way in on Monday, July 1.

A protester smashes a window of the Legislative Council building.

Columns of sunlight are cast on a crowd during the march on July 1.

Helicopters carrying the flags of China and Hong Kong fly over demonstrators on July 1.

A police officer uses pepper spray during a clash with protesters on July 1.

A protester wearing a T-shirt with the word “revolution” walks past an inscription on a road that reads “Long Live HK.”

Police detain protesters near the government headquarters in Hong Kong on July 1.

An overhead view shows thousands of protesters marching through a Hong Kong street on Sunday, June 16.

Protesters run after police fired tear gas on Wednesday, June 12.

By the morning of June 12, tens of thousands of mainly young people had arrived in the area, blocking streets and bringing central Hong Kong to a standstill.

A demonstrator holds a sign during the June 12 rally.

Police officers charge toward protesters during clashes on Monday, June 10. It was a continuation of protests that started the day before.

Protesters on June 9 waved placards and wore white — the designated color of the rally. “Hong Kong, never give up!” some chanted.

Students wear chains during a demonstration on Saturday, June 8.